How prevalent is CKD in India?

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a growing health concern in India, with significant prevalence and serious implications for public health. Here’s an overview based on recent studies and data:

Prevalence of CKD in India

General Prevalence:
- The overall pooled prevalence of CKD among Indian adults is approximately 10.2%. This prevalence varies across different regions and populations within the country. Some studies report higher prevalence rates, such as the SEEK (Screening and Early Evaluation of Kidney Disease) study, which found a prevalence of 17.2% among participants screened across multiple cities in India (BioMed Central) (BioMed Central) (Karger Publishers).
Urban vs. Rural Disparities:
- The prevalence of CKD can differ significantly between urban and rural areas. Urban areas often show higher prevalence due to increased risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, lifestyle changes, and better diagnostic facilities. For instance, certain cities like Visakhapatnam, Kanpur, and Delhi reported higher CKD prevalence compared to others like Mysore and Bangalore (BioMed Central) (Karger Publishers).
Age and Gender Factors:
- CKD prevalence increases with age. Studies have shown higher prevalence rates among older adults, and there are variations in prevalence between men and women, with some studies indicating higher rates in men and others in women (BioMed Central) (The National Medical Journal of India).

Risk Factors

Diabetes and Hypertension:
- Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of CKD in India. The Indian CKD Registry data highlights that around 30% of CKD cases are attributed to diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, and a significant proportion to hypertension (Karger Publishers) (The National Medical Journal of India).
Obesity and Lifestyle:
- Obesity and lifestyle factors, including poor diet and lack of physical activity, contribute to the increasing burden of CKD. The prevalence of obesity-related CKD is also on the rise due to changes in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles (The National Medical Journal of India).

Implications and Challenges

Healthcare Burden:
- CKD poses a significant healthcare burden in India, with many patients requiring long-term treatment such as dialysis or kidney transplantation. The cost and availability of these treatments are major challenges, especially in rural and under-resourced areas (Karger Publishers) (The National Medical Journal of India).
Awareness and Screening:
- There is a lack of awareness and regular screening for CKD, which leads to late diagnosis and increased complications. Many individuals are unaware of their CKD status until they reach advanced stages of the disease (The National Medical Journal of India).

Conclusion

CKD is a prevalent and serious health issue in India, driven by risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and lifestyle changes. Addressing this challenge requires increased awareness, regular screening, and improved access to healthcare services to manage and prevent CKD effectively. Public health initiatives focusing on these areas are crucial to mitigating the impact of CKD in India (BioMed Central) (BioMed Central) (Karger Publishers) (The National Medical Journal of India).