Blood tests for CKD (creatinine, eGFR, etc.)

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Here’s a detailed explanation of the blood tests commonly used to diagnose and monitor Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):

1. Serum Creatinine

Purpose: Measures the level of creatinine, a waste product generated by muscle metabolism, in the blood. The kidneys normally filter creatinine out of the blood, so elevated levels may indicate impaired kidney function.
Significance: High serum creatinine levels suggest that the kidneys are not filtering blood efficiently, which can be a sign of CKD. However, the level of creatinine can be influenced by factors like muscle mass, age, sex, and race.

2. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

Purpose: Provides an estimate of the rate at which the kidneys filter blood, based on serum creatinine levels, age, sex, and sometimes race.
Significance: The eGFR is a key indicator of kidney function:
- An eGFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m² is generally considered normal.
- An eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for three months or more is a marker of CKD.
- eGFR levels are also used to stage CKD (Stage 1 through Stage 5, with Stage 5 being kidney failure).

3. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Purpose: Measures the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, in the blood. Like creatinine, urea is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.
Significance: Elevated BUN levels can indicate reduced kidney function, as the kidneys are not efficiently removing urea from the blood. However, BUN levels can also be influenced by factors such as diet, hydration, and liver function.

4. Serum Electrolytes

Purpose: Includes tests for sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate levels in the blood. These electrolytes are regulated by the kidneys and are vital for many bodily functions.
Significance: Abnormal levels can indicate CKD:
- Sodium: CKD can cause sodium retention, leading to hypertension and fluid overload.
- Potassium: Elevated potassium (hyperkalemia) can occur in CKD, especially in advanced stages, leading to dangerous cardiac issues.
- Bicarbonate: Low bicarbonate levels (metabolic acidosis) can occur as the kidneys lose the ability to maintain acid-base balance.

5. Serum Albumin

Purpose: Measures the level of albumin, a protein that helps keep fluid in the bloodstream, in the blood.
Significance: Low levels of albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can indicate that the kidneys are not retaining proteins properly, which is often seen in nephrotic syndrome, a condition associated with CKD. Low albumin levels are also associated with poor nutrition and chronic inflammation in CKD patients.

6. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Purpose: Assesses the level of PTH, which helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.
Significance: CKD can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism, where elevated PTH levels occur due to imbalances in calcium and phosphate, often leading to bone disease (renal osteodystrophy). This happens because the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of these minerals.

7. Calcium and Phosphate Levels

Purpose: Measures the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood.
Significance: CKD often disrupts calcium and phosphate metabolism, leading to:
- Hyperphosphatemia: High phosphate levels due to reduced kidney function.
- Hypocalcemia: Low calcium levels, which, together with high phosphate levels, can stimulate excess PTH production, leading to bone disease.
- Proper management of these levels is crucial to prevent complications such as cardiovascular disease and bone disorders in CKD patients.

8. Cystatin C

Purpose: An alternative marker for kidney function, independent of muscle mass, unlike creatinine.
Significance: Cystatin C can be particularly useful in patients where muscle mass may affect creatinine levels, such as in elderly or malnourished patients. It is sometimes used to confirm or refine eGFR estimates.

9. Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

Purpose: Assess the red blood cell count and the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood.
Significance: CKD often leads to anemia due to decreased production of erythropoietin (a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production). Monitoring hemoglobin and hematocrit levels is important for managing anemia in CKD patients.

10. Lipids Profile

Purpose: Measures cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood.
Significance: CKD patients are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, and lipid abnormalities are common. Monitoring and managing lipid levels is essential in reducing cardiovascular risk in CKD patients.

Conclusion

These blood tests collectively provide a comprehensive overview of kidney function and the effects of CKD on the body. They are used not only to diagnose CKD but also to stage the disease, guide treatment decisions, and monitor disease progression. Regular monitoring is vital for adjusting treatment plans and managing complications associated with CKD.